{"id":152,"date":"2022-08-18T16:05:26","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T16:05:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/?p=152"},"modified":"2022-08-18T16:07:24","modified_gmt":"2022-08-18T16:07:24","slug":"transistor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/?p=152","title":{"rendered":"Transist\u00f6r"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilen ve elektronik devrelerin can damar\u0131 olan transist\u00f6rler, 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck telefon \u015firketi olan Bell<\/a> kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvarlar\u0131nda, William Shockley<\/a> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda John Bardeen<\/a> ve Walter Brattain<\/a>\u00b4den olu\u015fan ekip, teknolojide yepyeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bu bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u00b4n\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bardeen ve Brattain, radyo ve telefon sinyallerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinde ve yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan termiyonik kapaklara kar\u015f\u0131 bir se\u00e7enek bulmak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00c7abuk k\u0131r\u0131labilen ve pahal\u0131ya mal olan bu lambalar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli bir s\u00fcrenin ge\u00e7mesi gerekiyordu. Ayr\u0131ca bir hayli de elektrik t\u00fcketiyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekip ilk transist\u00f6r\u00fc, ince bir germanyum tabakas\u0131ndan yapt\u0131. 1947 Noel\u00b4inden iki g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, bu transist\u00f6r bir radyo devresine tak\u0131ld\u0131 ve Brattain, defterine \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazd\u0131: “Bu devre ger\u00e7ekten i\u015fe yar\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ses d\u00fczeyinde hissedilir bir y\u00fckselme sa\u011fland\u0131.” Transist\u00f6r, t\u0131pk\u0131 lamba gibi, ses sinyalini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyordu. Ama hem boyut olarak \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc hem de daha az enerjiye ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceleri k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck bir ayg\u0131t\u0131n o koca lambalar\u0131n yerini alabilece\u011fine pek az kimse inand\u0131. Ama Shockley ve ekibi, d\u00f6rt y\u0131l i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler sa\u011flad\u0131lar. 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda transist\u00f6r orijinal boyutunun onda birine indirildi ve \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. 1957\u00b4de y\u0131lda 30 milyon transist\u00f6r \u00fcretilebilecek a\u015famaya gelindi. Bu alanda geli\u015fmeler yine de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bilim adamlar\u0131, germanyum tabakas\u0131 yerine, \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klara dayanabilen silisyum kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ak\u0131m\u0131 saniyenin 100 milyonda biri kadar k\u0131sa bir zamanda iletebilen transist\u00f6rler imal edildi. Bunlar\u0131n sayesinde cep tipi hesap makineleri, dijital saatler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Radyo ve TV al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndaki lambalar\u0131n yerini de transist\u00f6rler ald\u0131. E\u011fer bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck harika ayg\u0131tlar olmasayd\u0131, uydu haberle\u015fmeleri, uzay ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve aya insan g\u00f6ndermek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DEVRE KARTI LED VE R\u00d6LE \u00c7ALI\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Belki de yar\u0131iletkenlerin en \u00f6nemli uygulamas\u0131 transist\u00f6rd\u00fcr. Transist\u00f6r birbirlerine olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n iki yar\u0131iletkenden meydana gelir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ilkesi yar\u0131iletken diyotlar i\u00e7in tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilkelerle olduk\u00e7a benzerdir. Yar\u0131iletkenler P ve N tipi olarak 2 farkl\u0131 kategoriye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. En temel bilgiler e\u015fli\u011finde, e\u011fer elektron miktar\u0131 hole miktar\u0131ndan fazla ise bu P tipi yar\u0131iletkendir. N tipi yar\u0131iletken i\u00e7in ise durum tam tersidir. Bu durumda \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye sahip, p-tipli, n-tipli, ve ba\u015fka p-tipli germanyum \u00e7ubu\u011fumuzun oldu\u011funu varsayal\u0131m. Bunlar BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) \u00e7ift birle\u015fim y\u00fczeyli transist\u00f6rd\u00fcr. \u0130ki N maddesi, bir P maddesi yada iki P maddesi, bir N maddesinden olu\u015fur. Bu kombinasyon p-n-p transist\u00f6r olarak adland\u0131rl\u0131r. Transist\u00f6rdeki iki eklemden her biri n-tipli b\u00f6lge ile her bir p-tipli b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda belirli bir potansiyel fark\u0131na sahiptir. Transist\u00f6rler 3 bacakl\u0131 devre elemanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlar emitter, base, ve collector olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Base ucu devredeki ak\u0131m\u0131 kontrol etmemizi sa\u011flar. Tipik olarak bir transist\u00f6r\u00fcn base ucuna uygulanan gerilim 0.6 Voltu a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ak\u0131m emitter ile collector aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Bu y\u00fcksek ak\u0131m\u0131, base ucundan uygulayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ak\u0131m ile kontrol alt\u0131na alabiliriz. Bu \u00f6zellikleri sayesinde, transist\u00f6rler devrelerde anahtar veya sinyal y\u00fckseltici olarak davran\u0131rlar. Transist\u00f6r t\u00fcrlerine, FED, MOSFET, ve JFET \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transist\u00f6rler esas olarak bipolar transist\u00f6rler ve unipolar transist\u00f6rler olarak iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bipolar transist\u00f6rler de PNP ve NPN olarak iki tiptir.
PNP tipinde base negatif emitter ve collector pozitif kristal yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu transist\u00f6rler emitter montaj\u0131nda; emitter pozitif, collector negatif olarak polarize edilirler. Base emittere g\u00f6re daha negatif oldu\u011funda transist\u00f6r iletimdedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0130L\u0130KON DEVRE LEVHASI<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n


NPN tipinde ise base pozitif, emitter ve collector negatif kristal yap\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131r. Emitter toprakl\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, emitter negatif, collector pozitif olarak polarize edilirler. \u0130letimde olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in base, emittere g\u00f6re daha pozitif olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buradaki gerilim fark\u0131 0.7 (si) – 0.3 (ge) volt veya daha fazla olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
Piyasada pek \u00e7ok tip bipolar transist\u00f6r mevcuttur. Bunlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mutlaka bacak ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir katalog kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131f yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7eren iki transist\u00f6r\u00fcn bacak ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ayr\u0131 olabilir.
Bipolar transist\u00f6rler genelde 2 ile ba\u015flayan 2N\u2026 2SA\u2026. 2SB\u2026.. 2SC\u2026 veya AC\u2026 BD\u2026 BUX\u2026. BUW\u2026 MJ\u2026. ile ba\u015flayan isimler al\u0131rlar.
Son zamanlarda transist\u00f6rlerin \u00e7e\u015fidi ve say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir katalog(datasheet<\/em>) kullanmak zorunlu hale gelmi\u015ftir.
2N3055 2SA1122 2SB791 2SC1395 AC128 BD135 BUX80 BUW44 MJ3001 gibi\u2026.
A ile ba\u015flayan transist\u00f6rler Germanyum, B ile ba\u015flayan transist\u00f6rler Silisyumdur. Keza, diyotlar i\u00e7in de bu ge\u00e7erlidir, ikinci harfin anlamlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:
A : Diyot
C : Al\u00e7ak frekans transist\u00f6r\u00fc
D : G\u00fc\u00e7 transist\u00f6r\u00fc d\u00fcr.
F : Y\u00fcksek frekans transist\u00f6r\u00fc
Y : G\u00fc\u00e7 Diyodu
Z : Zener Diyot
AC128, BC108, AF139, BF439, AD165, BD135, AA139, BY101 gibi.
Baz\u0131 transist\u00f6rler k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7inde bir de diyot ihtiva ederler.
Bir P tipi transist\u00f6r push-pull olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, karakteristikleri benzer olan bir N tipi transist\u00f6rle beraber kullan\u0131l\u0131r, buna ‘Complementary’ tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 transist\u00f6r ad\u0131 verilir. MJ 2955 ile 2N3055 gibi.
Piyasada bulunan transist\u00f6rler plastik veya metal k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7indedirler.
En \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan k\u0131l\u0131f \u015fekilleri To-3 To-5 To- 12 To- 72 To- 92 To- 220’dir.
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilen ve elektronik devrelerin can damar\u0131 olan transist\u00f6rler, 1947 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck telefon \u015firketi olan Bell kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvarlar\u0131nda, William Shockley ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda John Bardeen ve Walter Brattain\u00b4den olu\u015fan ekip, teknolojide yepyeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bu bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u00b4n\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131. Bardeen ve Brattain, radyo ve telefon sinyallerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda, g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesinde ve yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan termiyonik kapaklara … <\/p>\n

“Transist\u00f6r”<\/span>devam\u0131n\u0131 oku<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4],"tags":[23,24,25,22,21],"class_list":["post-152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilgi-deposu","tag-devre-karti","tag-n-type","tag-p-type","tag-transistor","tag-yariiletken"],"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"featured_media_urls":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=152"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":165,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152\/revisions\/165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kuantumbilgisayar.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}